![]() ![]() The identification of priority regions is supported by soil group as a basic mapping unit, which integrates relevant properties controlling yield and C storage, whereas the C-rich organic soils must remain protected. At sites with low C debt, organic matter probably plays only a minor role in closing yield gaps. ![]() We highlight that this is most easily communicated at sites where soils have both the largest C debt and where yield gap is high. To gain and maintain SOC under climate change, we have to increase C inputs. We identify region-specific opportunities for C sequestration as linked to both restoration of degraded soils and related improvement of crop yields. What those are, and how they would be instituted, remains the critical issue moving forward. To achieve the required major changes in land-use practices, actions have to be supported by strong scientific, educational, political, and social programs that rely on multistakeholder interactions and transdisciplinary collaboration 9. ![]() It will therefore need diverse tailored approaches. The implementation of SOC sequestration on a large-scale is complex, as it involves different soil groups (defined by an IUSS Working Group 10) and their specific management in different climate regions of the world. It is also an inspirational target, designed to raise awareness of the need to improve soil health and food security with opportunities for climate-change mitigation 9. The goal is aspirational in that it is not viable for all land uses, soils, and all regions 7, 8. Thus, the intent of the 4p1000 initiative was to be simple and easy to communicate. Messages that are easy to convey are needed to engage with policymakers and practitioners. Political and market support are needed to motivate farmers to adopt sustainable agricultural practices on a scale large enough to result in the transformation of agricultural production systems. SOC has positive effects on soil structure, water retention, and nutrient supply, and is crucial to sustain ecosystem services and agricultural productivity. The message of all three initiatives is complementary and simple: increasing SOC can partly mitigate carbon emissions and is, at the same time, indispensable for the adaptation of agricultural systems to climate change due to the numerous co-benefits it offers. Finally last year, the FAO launched RECSOIL, a program for the recarbonization of soils 6. The second initiatives were the Koronivia workshops on agriculture, which included soils and SOC for climate-change mitigation and were initiated at COP23 in 2018. The name of the initiative reflects that a comparatively small proportional increase (4‰) of the global SOC stocks in the top 0.3–0.4 m of all non-permafrost soils would be similar in magnitude to the annual global net atmospheric CO 2 growth 5. These include the “4p1000 initiative”, which was launched at COP21 by UNFCC under the framework of the Lima-Paris Action Plan (LPAP) in Paris on December 1, 2015. Soils have recently become part of the global carbon agenda for climate-change mitigation and adaptation through the launch of three high-level initiatives. However, to accumulate soil organic carbon (SOC) in globally relevant quantities, the world has to develop the policies and economic incentives to tap into this potential. Sequestering organic carbon in soil may potentially, and in a technically feasible manner, remove between 0.79 and 1.54 Gt C yr −1 from the atmosphere 3, recognizing the substantial potential of soils in stabilizing the climate (e.g., ref. It is now widely recognized that to tackle the resulting climate change, it will be necessary to employ negative emission technologies in addition to drastically reducing fossil fuel emissions 2. Over the past decade (2009–18), the net global increase in anthropogenic CO 2 emissions, after accounting for ocean and land sinks, was 4.9 Gt C yr −1 1. ![]()
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